Scientific Papers

Determination of 252 Drug Residues in Fish Meat via Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

CHEN Min, LI Xi, ZHAO Shan, QIN Lin, LIU Wei, LI Ying, LIU Fei, LI Shi-xian, ZHONG Ling-li

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2397-2406(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26033102

Abstract：A method to efficiently screen 252 drug residues in fish using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with dispersive solid-phase extraction was established. The 252 drugs included 242 pesticides and 10 veterinary drugs. Fish samples were extracted with acetonitrile，salted out using anhydrous sodium sulfate，and purified with octadecylsilane bonded silica gel and primary secondary amines. Detection was performed in multiple-reaction monitoring mode and quantification was achieved using the matrix-matched standard calibration method. Good linear relationships were exhibited by the 252 drugs over their respective concentration ranges，with correlation coefficients（r²） of 0.99 or greater achieved. The limits of quantitation（LOQs） of alpha-endosulfan and malaoxon were 0.10 mg/kg，whereas the LOQs of the other 250 drugs were 0.002 5-0.05 mg/kg. The average recoveries for the 252 drugs at three spiked levels were 52.8%-113%，and the relative standard deviations were between 1.3% and 20%. When applied to the screening of 122 fish samples，the method detected 40 drug residues，including 36 pesticides，3 anesthetics，and diazepam. This simple，efficient，and highly sensitive method is suitable for the simultaneous screening of multi-class pesticide and veterinary drug residues in fish.  

Keywords：gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry;dispersive solid-phase extraction;fish;drug residue;anesthetic;diazepam  

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Optimization of the Blanching Process of Prunus davidiana Seeds Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Rapid Quality Evaluation Using an Electronic Nose Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

WU Fei, LI Yue-xia, HU Yun-fei, MA Kai, LI Tian-shi, JIN Chuan-shan

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2407-2417(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26041801

Abstract：This study aimed to optimize the blanching process of Prunus davidiana seeds to inhibit lipid rancidity and explore the feasibility of using the electronic nose（E-nose） technology for their rapid quality evaluation. The blanching time，standing temperature and time，and drying temperature of the Prunus davidiana seeds were investigated as process parameters，and their amygdalin content，acid value，and carbonyl value were used as evaluation indices. Single-factor experiments，combined with Box-Behnken response surface methodology，were employed to optimize the process parameters. Volatile odor compound information of the samples was evaluated using an E-nose. Principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis（PLS-DA） were used to screen characteristic sensors and establish a quantitative discriminant model for evaluating the relationship between the odor fingerprint and the carbonyl value. The results indicated that the standing temperature and time critically affected the carbonyl value. The optimal conditions of the blanching process were determined to be blanching for 50 s，rapid cooling to 20 ℃，standing for no more than 1 h，and drying at 65 ℃. Validation experiments revealed that after processing under these optimized conditions，the average carbonyl value was 1.7，and the average amygdalin content was 4.1%，with the relative standard deviations of both being less than 5%. E-nose analysis revealed that the response values of sensors W1W，W2W，W1S，and W5S significantly correlated with the carbonyl values. The established PLS-DA model exhibited a cross-validation parameter，Q² of >0.5，and the predicted carbonyl values of the validation samples were highly consistent with the measured values（average relative error：<5%）. The optimized blanching process is stable，feasible，and effectively inhibits lipid rancidity while maintaining the amygdalin content. The combination of the E-nose technology and chemometric methods enables the rapid and non-destructive evaluation of key deterioration indicators during the processing of blanched Prunus davidiana seeds，and this study provides a novel strategy for intelligent quality control in the production of decoction pieces.  

Keywords：blanched Prunus davidiana seeds;response surface methodology;electronic nose;process optimization;carbonyl value;amygdalin;quality control  

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Determination of Six Elements in Grinding Powder for Aluminum Electrolysis via X‑Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

LI San-yan, LEI Yong-qian, ZENG Qi, ZONG Jian, YANG Ren-long, ZHONG Li, GUO Peng-ran

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2418-2425(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26061605

Abstract：The complex matrices in grinding powder used in aluminum electrolysis，shortage of standard samples，and difficulty of balancing efficiency and accuracy with existing testing methods hinder effective quality control. This study used actual production-grade grinding feedstock as raw material to develop matrix-matched quality control samples. A rapid analytical method was established for determining the amounts of Fe，Si，Na，K，Ca，and Mg in the grinding powder using pressed powder pellet X-ray fluorescence spectrometry（XRF）. The calculated F values for the quality control samples were verified using homogeneity testing，calibration analysis，and interlaboratory comparison. They were lower than the critical F value（F_{0.05（3，4）}=6.59），indicating good homogeneity. The interlaboratory comparison results were within the permissible tolerance range，and the calibration results were accurate and reliable. The relative standard deviations for each element determined via the established XRF method were ≤2%，were consistent with the results obtained by chemical analysis（r>0.95），and indicated precision and accuracy in the measurements. This method is simple，efficient，and environmentally friendly. It is suitable for daily quality control and stably producing high-quality aluminum products，while offering technical support for rapidly testing the raw and auxiliary materials used in aluminum electrolysis.  

Keywords：aluminum electrolysis;grinding powder;quality control sample;X-ray fluorescence spectrometry（XRF）;chemical analysis methods  

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Simultaneous Determination of Derivatives of Oxyphenisatin and Bisacodyl in Various Foods by UPLC-MS/MS Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

LIU Xia-li, KONG Xin-xin, CHEN Lin, LIU Ying, LI Ting-ting, AN Xiao-min, JIANG Jing, GUO Nan-nan, YUAN Li-jie

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2426-2434(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26061606

Abstract：An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-MS/MS） method was developed for simultaneously determining the presence of novel derivatives of oxyphenisatin and bisacodyl in various foods. This simultaneous detection of 4-chloro-oxyphenisatin diisobutyrate and cyclopropanecarboxylic acid in multiple food matrices is reported for the first time. Biscuits，jelly，tea drinks，preserves，substitute tea，fruit and vegetable powder，fruit wine，prepared wine，pressed candy，and other candies were used as representative substrates，and 4-chloro-oxyphenisatin，4-chloro-oxyphenisatin diisobutyrate，oxyphenisatin dicyclohexanecarboxylate，and cyclopropanecarboxylic acid were selected as target analytes. The samples were extracted using methanol via ultrasonic vortexing，centrifuged，filtered through a microporous membrane，and analyzed. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Acquity BEH C₁₈ column（100 mm×2.1 mm，1.8 μm） with gradient elution using 0.05% formic acid aqueous solution-methanol as the mobile phase. The samples were detected by multiple reaction monitoring（MRM） in positive ion mode and quantified using a matrix-matched external standard. The four target analytes showed good linear relationships within their respective concentration ranges and the correlation coefficient（r²） was 0.998 4-0.999 9. The limits of detection（LODs） were 0.003-0.03 mg/kg，and the limits of quantitation（LOQs） were 0.01-0.10 mg/kg. At the three spiked levels across the 10 matrices，the average recoveries of the target analytes ranged from 70.1% to 118%，with relative standard deviations of 0.90%-9.0% （n=6）. This method was applied to 45 batches of commercial foods covering 10 categories，and the four target derivatives were detected in three batches，with contents ranging from 17.6 mg/kg to 1.13×10³ mg/kg. As a targeted detection approach，this method complements existing broad-spectrum screening methods. Its advantages include simple pretreatment，high sensitivity，and a wide matrix application range，which can provide technical support for the targeted detection of new derivatives in various food matrices.  

Keywords：ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry;oxyphenisatin derivative;bisacodyl derivative;food;illegal additive  

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Quality Evaluation of Tianma Shouwu Capsules Based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap HRMS Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

AN Ya-ran, YANG Sheng-jie, LIANG Xiao-fei, WEI Yu-jie, ZHOU Lin, LIU Li-wei, LI Duo-lu, SUN Zhi, ZUO Li-hua

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2435-2446(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26041006

Abstract：Using high-resolution mass spectrometry（HRMS），Tianma Shouwu Capsules（TMSC） were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed，and its quality was comprehensively evaluated. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry（UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap HRMS） technology was used to collect mass spectrometry data by full-scan data-dependent MS/MS（ddMS²） mode，and the components were identified by reference material comparison，database retrieval，and literature reporting； At the same time，a quantitative method for analyzing eight key components in TMSC was established，including 2，3，5，4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside，gastrodin，danshensu，salvianolic acid A，emodin，physcion，luteoloside，and caffeic acid. The quantitative data were processed by multivariate statistical methods such as cluster analysis，principal component analysis，and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. A total of 82 compounds were identified，including flavonoids，phenols，organic acids，phthalides，anthraquinones，and other structural types. Content determination showed that the TMSCs produced by the two manufacturers differed in the contents of these key compounds，and multivariate statistical analysis confirmed that the overall quality of different batches of TMSCs from the same manufacturer was stable. This study shows that high-resolution MS technology can rapidly identify a variety of compounds in TMSC，and the established quantitative analysis method combined with the multivariate statistical quality evaluation system can provide reliable technical support for the quality consistency evaluation of the preparation.  

Keywords：Tianma Shouwu Capsules;UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap HRMS;cluster analysis;principal component analysis;orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis;quality evaluation  

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Hydrolysis of Notoginsenoside Fa Based on 12-Tungstosilicic Acid Catalysis and Analysis of Products via HPLC-HRMS/MSⁿ Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

ZHANG Zhen-xuan, LI Bing, CHANG Yan-yan, WANG Qi, ZHAO Huan-xi, XIU Yang

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2447-2455(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26042304

Abstract：Notoginsenoside Fa is a highly promising natural product；additionally，chemical transformation is an important approach for expanding its structural diversity and investigating its potential medicinal value. This study uses 12-tungstosilicic acid as a catalyst to hydrolyze notoginsenoside Fa in an aqueous system to modify the structure of notoginsenoside Fa，further diversify its structure，and obtain novel rare saponins. The structures of the products were rapidly identified using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry，and the effects of different reaction conditions on product distribution were investigated through single-factor analysis. In an acidic environment，it is primarily converted into 18 compounds—such as 3-Xyl-（20S/R）-25-OH-Rg3，3-Xyl-（20S/R）-Rg3，3-Xyl-25-OH-Rg5/Rk1，and 3-Xyl-（20S/R，25）-epoxy-Rg3—with an oxygen-containing six-membered ring structure. The reactions involve pathways including deglycosylation，epimerization，elimination，hydration，and intramolecular cyclization. Single-factor analysis showed that the content of most products stabilized after 6 h of reaction at 60 ℃. This study not only introduces a novel method for the structural modification of notoginsenoside Fa，thereby confirming the high catalytic ability of polyoxometalates in the structural transformation of natural products but also provides a theoretical basis for the preparation of structurally novel rare saponins.  

Keywords：notoginsenoside Fa;12-tungstosilicic acid;rare saponins;catalytic transformation;structural identification;HPLC-HRMS/MSⁿ  

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Determination of Nine Impurity Elements and Confirmation of Dual-use Controlled High-purity Triphenylantimony by NMR Combined with GD-MS Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

ZHANG Zi-hao, MAI Xiao-xia, ZHANG Hai-feng, TAN Xiu-zhen, XIAO Qian, DUAN Yi-pin, WANG Shi-cheng, ZHU Zan-fang

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2456-2463(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26062001

Abstract：High-purity triphenylantimony is a dual-use，export-controlled substance and a key，highly efficient catalyst in polyester production，with purity and trace metal impurity content serving as the core indicators for regulation and quality control. An analytical method was established for the qualitative confirmation of triphenylantimony and the quantitative determination of nine impurity elements therein using ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance（NMR） combined with direct determination using direct current glow discharge mass spectrometry（dc-GD-MS）. The sample preparation and instrumental operating parameters，including the discharge current，voltage，argon flow rate，and pre-sputtering time，were systematically optimized. The optimized conditions were a sample diameter of 4-5 mm，discharge current of 1.8 mA，discharge voltage of 1 200 V，and pre-sputtering time of 10 min. At a medium mass resolution of 4 000，the isotopes ²³Na，²⁴Mg，²⁷Al，⁴⁴Ca，⁵⁶Fe，⁷⁵As，¹¹⁹Sn，²⁰⁸Pb，and ²⁰⁹Bi were selected for quantification. The Sb matrix was used for normalization in combination with relative sensitivity factors. The detection limits of the nine elements ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 μg/g. The relative standard deviations（RSDs） of seven parallel determinations were not greater than 5.7%，indicating high precision. Compared with the results obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS），the relative deviation was < 3%，demonstrating the accuracy and reliability of the method. This method employs direct solid sampling without requiring complex pretreatment，effectively avoiding sample hydrolysis and contamination. The technique offers high sensitivity，rapid analysis，and simultaneous determination of multiple elements，thus meeting the precise detection requirements for trace impurities in food-grade polyesters. These results provide reliable technical support for monitoring the purity of dual-use，high-purity organic antimony.  

Keywords：triphenylantimony;nuclear magnetic resonance;glow discharge mass spectrometry;impurity elements  

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Intelligent Coal Classification Method Based on Near-infrared Spectroscopy and Dual-gated High-resolution Network Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

LU Cheng-wei, ZHAO Yi-jie, ZHANG Zi-hao, HAN Yi-zhi

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2464-2473(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26040901

Abstract：To address the problem that severe peak overlap and nonlinear coupling in near-infrared spectra make it difficult for traditional models to effectively extract discriminative features and thus limit classification accuracy in coal classification，this study proposes an intelligent classification method based on a dual-gated high-resolution network（DG-HRNet）. First，regularized Mahalanobis distance and standard normal variate transformation are combined to remove abnormal samples and improve spectral data quality. Then，Unet is employed as the backbone network，and a dual-gated high-resolution fusion mechanism is introduced to alleviate the loss of weak detailed features in deep networks. Furthermore，an improved atrous spatial pyramid pooling module and a squeeze-and-excitation attention mechanism are incorporated to enable effective modeling of long-range spectral dependencies and adaptive selection of key features. Experimental results show that，in the four-class coal classification task，DG-HRNet achieves an accuracy，precision，recall，and F1-score of 0.961 0，0.964 7，0.958 6，and 0.961 4，respectively，significantly outperforming traditional machine learning models and mainstream deep learning models. This study provides a new technical route for rapid，accurate，and non-destructive coal identification in coal trade and customs supervision.  

Keywords：coal type classification;near-infrared spectroscopy;deep learning;high-resolution fusion;attention mechanism  

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Preparation of Microorganism Specimens for Scanning Electron Microscopy Using Glutaraldehyde-Potassium Permanganate Double Fixation Combined with Freeze-drying Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

ZHU Xiao-nan, JIANG Yun, WANG Ling-ling, SONG Xiao-tong, WANG Xiao-li

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2474-2482(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26042302

Abstract：In laboratories，the routine preparation of microbial samples for scanning electron microscopy（SEM） is often hampered by a lack of fixation reagents and critical point drying equipment. To address these challenges，potassium permanganate（KMnO₄） was selected for the fixation of microbial cells. This study focused on improving and analyzing SEM preparation methods，particularly the critical steps of fixation and drying，to establish a safe，economical，and equipment-independent universal protocol for preparing microbial samples for SEM. Cells of Escherichia coli，Bacillus subtilis，and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were subjected to glutaraldehyde single fixation（GA fixation），glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide（OsO₄） double fixation（GA-OT fixation），and glutaraldehyde-KMnO₄ double fixation（GA-PP fixation）. These fixation techniques were combined with various drying methods，including freeze-drying，air drying，low-temperature drying，gentle heat drying，and critical point drying. After drying，SEM imaging was performed to compare the effects of these treatments on the bacterial morphology and cell integrity. GA-OT and GA-PP fixation significantly outperformed GA fixation in preserving the bacterial morphology，and freeze-drying and critical point drying were also effective in preserving the original bacterial morphology. The GA-PP fixation-freeze-drying protocol effectively preserved the morphological structures of three types of organisms（Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria，and unicellular eukaryotic fungi） and meets the requirements for SEM imaging. It offers advantages such as cost-effectiveness，convenience，versatility，and safety，making it highly valuable for widespread adoption. This method is a viable alternative to the routine laboratory preparation of microbial samples for SEM.  

Keywords：microorganisms;SEM sample preparation;glutaraldehyde-KMnO₄ double fixation;drying method  

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Determination of 13 Monohydroxy Lipid Mediators in Normal Rats and Rats with Rheumatoid Arthritis Using Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

JIN Bo, CHEN Yi-yang, LIANG Ya-jing, HU Xue-xin, MA Chen

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2483-2490(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26060802

Abstract：An analytical method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed to determine the concentrations of 13 monohydroxy lipid mediators—comprising seven hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids（HETEs） and six hydroxydocosahexaenoic acids（HDHAs）—in the heart，liver，spleen，lung，and kidney tissues of normal rats and rats with rheumatoid arthritis. The sample preparation method employed liquid-liquid extraction，with ethyl acetate containing butylated hydroxytoluene as the extraction solvent. The validation results showed that the limits of detection for the 13 monohydroxy lipid mediators ranged from 0.1 to 1.0 ng/mL，and the limits of quantification（LOQ） ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 ng/mL. Except for 4-HDHA，the linear range for the other analytes ranged from LOQ to 1 000 ng/mL，and the correlation coefficients（r） exceeded 0.99. Recoveries of the 13 analytes at three spiked levels ranged from 82.5% to 118%，with relative standard deviations that were lower than 7.5%. The intra- and inter-day precisions were lower than 5.0% and 6.0%，respectively. The sample solution was stable for 3 h at room temperature and for 72 h at 4 ℃. The proposed method is sensitive，accurate，and reproducible. The method was used to determine the levels of HETE and HDHA in various tissues of normal rats and rats with rheumatoid arthritis. The results showed significant differences in the distribution of monohydroxy lipid mediators in different organs of normal rats. Furthermore，most HETE and HDHA levels in the heart，liver，lung，and kidney tissues of rats with rheumatoid arthritis increased，indicating that rheumatoid arthritis can cause inflammatory metabolic changes in various rat organs.  

Keywords：ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry;monohydroxy lipid mediator;rheumatoid arthritis;HETE;HDHA  

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Rapid Quality Consistency Evaluation of Angelica sinensis Formula Granules Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

WANG Hong-hong, SONG Qin-jie, PANG Wen-juan, GAO Li-xia, MIAO Sheng-jun, SU Rui, BAI Ju

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2491-2498(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26012903

Abstract：To meet the demand for rapid online quality monitoring during the production of traditional Chinese medicine formula granules，near infrared spectroscopy（NIRS） was employed to evaluate the quality consistency of Angelica sinensis formula granules. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography（UPLC） fingerprint was established，and the contents of adenosine，tryptophan，and ferulic acid were determined to serve as chemical references；the study then focused on constructing and granules from four manufacturers were collected；their NIRS spectra were acquired，and a consistency testing model was established. The similarity of the UPLC fingerprints of Angelica sinensis formula granules ranged from 0.953 to 0.999. The content ranges for adenosine，tryptophan，and ferulic acid were 0.16-0.61 mg/g，0.35-0.91 mg/g，and 0.83-1.40 mg/g，respectively. These results indicate that NIRS is suitable for the rapid screening of quality consistency and identification of manufacturer-related differences in Angelica sinensis formula granules. In combination with precise UPLC analysis，NIRS may provide a useful technical approach for production-process monitoring and quality evaluation of Angelica sinensis formula granules.  

Keywords：Angelica sinensis formula granules;fingerprint;content determination;near infrared spectroscopy（NIRS）;quality evaluation  

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Metabolomics Study of Serum from Pneumonia Patients Based on UPLC-HRMS Technology Combined with Automated Chemometric Data Analysis Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

YANG Li-hua, YANG Yong-gang, MA Yang, LI Xiao-hua, ZHAO Yan-bo, MA Cheng-long, YU Yong-jie

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2499-2506(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26060902

Abstract：Serum samples from patients with pneumonia and healthy controls were subjected to centrifugation，lyophilization，and reconstitution，followed by filtration of the supernatants. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry（UHPLC-HRMS），combined with the automatic untargeted data analysis strategy AntDAS developed by the research team，was adopted for compound information extraction，alignment，screening of differential components，and compound identification. A total of 35 differential metabolites belonging to eight categories，including amino acids and their derivatives，lipids，cholines，carnitines，indoles，sphingosines，bile acids，and purines，were screened and identified. Based on these differential metabolites，four classical chemometric-based diagnostic discrimination models were evaluated：Fisher discriminant analysis（Fisher），K-means clustering（K-means），partial least squares discriminant analysis（PLS-DA），and support vector machine（SVM）. Among these models，PLS-DA demonstrated satisfactory goodness-of-fit and predictive capability，accurately discriminating patients with pneumonia from healthy control group，with a model accuracy of 94.08%. These findings provide a potential new strategy for the precise diagnosis of pneumonia.  

Keywords：pneumonia;serum;ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry;AntDAS-DDA software;chemometrics;metabolomics  

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Application of an NR@ZIF-8-based Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe in Bioimaging of Trichloroacetic Acid Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

GAO Ce, GENG Yi-man, ZHAO Le-fa

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2507-2514(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26061501

Abstract：A novel biocompatible fluorescent probe，NR@ZIF-8，was constructed by incorporating neutral red（NR） into the metal-organic framework ZIF-8 for the rapid detection of trichloroacetic acid（TCA） in cells and in vivo. NR@ZIF-8 exhibited a good linear response to TCA over the concentration range of 0-200 μmol/L，with a limit of detection（LOD） of 1.76 μmol/L. The sensing mechanism is based on the high concentration of H⁺ provided by TCA，which disrupts the coordination bonds between Zn²⁺ and the imidazolate ligands in ZIF-8，thereby triggering the release of the encapsulated NR molecules. The released NR subsequently reacts with TCA，resulting in a red shift of the fluorescence emission wavelength and a distinct ratiometric fluorescence response，accompanied by a visible color change from yellow to red. These results indicate that NR@ZIF-8 has potential for the rapid detection of TCA in vivo.  

Keywords：NR@ZIF-8;trichloroacetic acid（TCA）;ratio fluorescence;biosensor  

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Experimental Techniques and Methods

Construction of Prussian Blue Nanozyme Colorimetric System and Its Application in Rapid Determination of Peroxide Value of Edible Vegetable Oils Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

LIU Yan-hui, LIU Zhao-dong, ZHANG Wen, JIANG Jun, ZHANG Liang-xiao, CHEN Miao-miao, ZHANG Qi, WANG Du

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2515-2521(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26040702

Abstract：Prussian blue（PB） nanozymes were prepared via chemical co-precipitation，and their morphology，composition，and structure were characterized. Kinetic analyses of the enzymatic activity indicated that the Michaelis constant（K_m） of the PB nanozymes in the reaction with H₂O₂ and TMB was 1.65 and 1.79 mmol/L，respectively，with corresponding maximum reaction rates（V_max） of 1.87×10^-8 and 1.55 × 10^-8 mol·L^-1·s^-1. These data prove that the PB nanozymes possess favorable peroxidase-like（POD） catalytic activity. We further established a colorimetric method for the rapid determination of the peroxide value（POV） in edible vegetable oil using the PB nanozymes. The experimental results demonstrated a linear correlation between the POV and absorbance of the detection system. The linear detection range was 0-0.30 g/100 g，and the limit of detection（LOD） was 0.020 g/100 g. The correlation coefficient（r²） for this method versus the national standard method reached 0.972 4，with a relative standard deviation（RSD） not more than 9.5%. The developed colorimetric method features simple operation，high accuracy，and excellent stability. It offers a new technical strategy for evaluating the oxidation degree of edible vegetable oils.  

Keywords：Prussian blue（PB） nanozyme;edible vegetable oil;peroxide value;colorimetric detection  

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Determination of Phthalate Plasticizers in Pre-prepared Dishes Using QuEChERS Coupled with High-performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

SHI Hong-fei, LIU Ke-yu, ZHOU Xiu-qi, GUO Ming-xin, ZHOU Yi-fei, ZHONG Jin-cheng, ZHANG Yi-fang, TAN Xin, KONG Zhe

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2522-2528(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26041001

Abstract：A high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry（HPLC-QTOF-MS） method was established for determining 17 phthalate ester（PAE） plasticizers in instant pre-prepared dishes. The samples were extracted using vortex-assisted extraction with n-hexane，concentrated to near dryness under nitrogen，and reconstituted using acetonitrile. The reconstituted solution was purified using quick，easy，cheap，effective，rugged，and safe（QuEChERS） adsorbents（primary-secondary amine and graphitized carbon black） and filtered through a 0.22 μm membrane before the analysis. Chromatographic separation was performed using a CHIRALPAK IG-3 column（2.1 mm × 150 mm，3 μm） using 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile as the mobile phases under gradient elution conditions. The detection was performed in the positive-ion mode using QTOF-MS. The proposed method achieved high-resolution detection of the 17 PAEs and baseline separation of three pairs of isomers. Good linear relationships were obtained for all analytes，with correlation coefficients（r²） not less than 0.997 1. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.02-0.92 μg/L and 0.08-3.08 μg/L，respectively. The average recoveries ranged from 74.2% to 122%，with relative standard deviations of 0.80%-4.1%. The proposed method is rapid，accurate，and stable，and is suitable for the precise quantitative determination of PAEs in instant pre-prepared dishes.  

Keywords：QuEChERS;high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry;phthalate ester plasticizers;pre-prepared dishes  

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Dynamic Light Scattering Sensor for Aflatoxin M1 Using Strand Displacement Amplification Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

FAN Tao, CUI Hao, XIA Tao, WU Bao-zhu, LI Ting-ting

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2529-2535(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26042102

Abstract：In this study，we developed a simple，low-cost，and sensitive dynamic light scattering（DLS） sensor coupled with nicking enzyme-based strand displacement amplification（NESDA） to detect AFM1. Initially，the sequence containing the AFM1 aptamer partly hybridized with the primer DNA，which triggered NESDA and yielded abundant single-stranded DNA（ssDNA） in the presence of AFM1. The resulting ssDNA hybridized with AuNPs-DNA probes and thus aggregated，thus causing an increase in the average hydrodynamic diameter，which can be quantitatively determined via DLS. To enhance detection performance，the core experimental conditions，i.e.，the NESDA reaction temperature and time，concentration of template DNA，and dosage of polymerase and nicking enzymes，were systematically optimized. Under optimal conditions，the average diameter was proportional to the concentration of aflatoxin M1 within 8.3-1 000 pmol/L and the detection limit reached 1.3 pmol/L，thus confirming the high sensitivity and feasibility of the proposed method. Furthermore，this method successfully detected aflatoxin M1 in commercial milk samples with spiked recoveries of 94.3% to 107%，thus confirming its reliability. The proposed strategy demonstrates significant potential for application in food-safety assessments.  

Keywords：aflatoxin M1;strand displacement amplification;dynamic light scattering;nicking enzyme;Au nanoparticles;milk  

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Non-targeted HS-GC-MS Analysis and Chemometric Discrimination of Volatile Components in Polypropylene Samples Related to Cosmetic Packaging Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

XIAO Ruo-lan, LIU Tong-tong, LIANG Rui-qiang, CAO Jin, SUN Lei, JIN Shao-ming

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2536-2542(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26042812

Abstract：Headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（HS-GC-MS） combined with chemometric methods was used to conduct non-targeted analysis of volatile components in virgin，accelerated-aged，and recycled polypropylene（PP） samples related to cosmetic packaging. Following deconvolution with MS-DIAL and library matching against the NIST 20 mass spectral database，a total of 96 volatile compounds were tentatively identified，consisting mainly of alkanes，aldehydes，acids，esters，aromatic hydrocarbons，phenols，and siloxanes. Principal component analysis（PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） models established based on all volatile substances reflected，to a certain extent，the overall differences among samples，and permutation tests indicated no obvious overfitting in the models. Furthermore，by combining variable importance in projection values with nonparametric tests，nine differential volatile markers were selected. Models constructed based on these markers showed a relatively clearer classification trend，suggesting that they may provide a reference for the preliminary discrimination of PP-related samples from different sources，and offer a basis for subsequent studies on source identification as well as quality and safety evaluation.  

Keywords：cosmetics;polypropylene packaging materials;volatile components;headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry;source discrimination  

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Determination of 13 Cooling Agents in Tobacco Products by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

LUO Yan-bo, WU Yi-qian, CHEN Xiao-jing, WEI Jing-ying, XU Ai-fei, WEI Ru-dan, JIANG Xing-yi, LI Xiang-yu, ZHANG Hong-fei, ZHU Feng-peng, ZHU Jing, PANG Yong-qiang

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2543-2548(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26051204

Abstract：The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was established to quantitatively determine 13 cooling agents in tobacco products by investigating several parameters，including the chromatographic column，oven-programmed temperature，and cigarette-extraction method. Moreover，the ratio of mainstream smoke to cigarette for cooling agents was tested. The samples（cut cigarettes and glass fiber filters containing cigarette mainstream smoke particulate matter） were extracted with 50 mL of methanol for 40 min by shaking. Separation was performed on an HP-INNOWAX column（30 m × 0.25 mm i.d.，film thickness 0.25 μm），and quantitative determination was performed in selective ion-monitoring mode using the internal standard method. The results show that 13 cooling agents can be satisfactorily separated within 14 min，and the limits of detection and limits of quantitation ranged from 0.004-0.127 μg/mL and 0.013-0.425 μg/mL，respectively. Piperitone and N-［（ethoxycarbonyl）methyl）-p-menthane-3-carboxamide showed good linearity within the range of 0.90-90 μg/mL，and the remaining 11 target analytes had good linearity within the range of 0.1-20 μg/mL，with correlation coefficients（r²） of 0.993 9-0.999 9. The recoveries of 13 cooling agents were in the range of 90.4%-116% at different spiked levels for real samples，with intra-day（n=5） and inter-day（n=3） relative standard deviations lower than 6.6% and 7.3%，respectively. The developed method was applied to determine six representative cigarettes，and eight cooling agents were detected in real samples. The ratio of mainstream smoke to cigarette for cooling agents was 1.01%-18.14%. With the advantages of several targeted analytes，simple operation，high sensitivity，and high accuracy，the proposed method is suitable for the analysis of cooling agents in tobacco products of different brands. This method can provide technical support for product design and development，blend maintenance，and quality evaluation.  

Keywords：gas chromatography-mass spectrometry;cooling agents;cigarette;ratio of mainstream smoke to cigarette  

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Determination of Na，K，Mg，and Ca in Soil Samples Using a Portable Solution Cathode Glow Discharge Atomic Emission Spectrometer Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

LI Shi-min, LIU Zi, MA Kai-min, HUANG Ke, GUO Chang-juan, WANG Li

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2549-2555(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26041608

Abstract：In this study，a portable modularized solution cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectrometer（SCGD-AES） was developed using a metal rod and an electrolyte sample solution as the anode and cathode，respectively. The effects of discharge voltage，sample flow velocity，anode material，and supporting electrolyte on signal intensity were investigated experimentally. Under optimized conditions，the detection limits for Na，K，Mg，and Ca were 2.3，6.7，18，and 290 μg·L^-1，respectively，with 2-hour relative standard deviations of 1.9%，2.6%，1.6%，and 2.6%，respectively. A simple，rapid，stable，and cost-effective SCGD-AES method requiring less than 40 W of power was developed for determining Na，K，Mg，and Ca in soil samples. Excluding Ca，the recoveries of Na，K，and Mg were in the range of 83.1%-101%，82.5%-102%，and 116%-134%，respectively. Moreover，the SCGD-AES results for the soil samples aligned well with those obtained via ICP-AES. After further optimization，the developed portable SCGD-AES device can be deployed for the on-site，online detection of metal elements in environmental samples.  

Keywords：solution cathode glow discharge（SCGD）;atomic emission spectrometer（AES）;soil samples;elemental analysis  

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Electrochemical Sensor Based on Bi-MOF-Derived Bi@C Composite for Detection of Diclofenac Sodium Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

ZHUGE Wen-feng, HUANG Qing, YANG Tao, LIU Feng-ping, LIAN Huan, PENG Jin-yun, ZHANG Cui-zhong, QIN Su-qing

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2556-2562(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26080201

Abstract：Diclofenac sodium（DS） is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug in clinical practice，thus rendering its rapid and sensitive detection crucial for pharmaceutical quality control and biomedical analysis. In this study，a bismuth-based metal organic framework（Bi-MOF） precursor was synthesized via a hydrothermal method and then subjected to high-temperature annealing to obtain a Bi@C composite. The micromorphology and elemental distribution of the Bi@C composite were characterized via scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Using a glassy carbon electrode modified with the Bi@C composite as the working electrode，the electrochemical behavior of DS on the modified electrode surface was investigated via cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Under the optimized experimental conditions，the response current of DS exhibited a strong linear relationship with its concentration across the range of 0.05-6.00 μmol/L. The linear regression equation was I（µA）=0.051 3C（μmol/L）+0.013 2，with a detection limit as low as 0.013 μmol/L. The constructed electrochemical sensor exhibited good reproducibility（n=5，RSD=4.7%） and excellent selectivity，with coexisting interfering species such as amino acids，carbohydrates，and common metal ions causing almost no interference with DS detection. The sensor was successfully applied to quantitatively detect DS in diclofenac sodium enteric-coated tablets and serum samples，with accurate and reliable results obtained. The established method is simple to operate，cost effective，and highly efficient，thus rendering it highly suitable for the rapid quantitative analysis of DS.  

Keywords：diclofenac sodium;bismuth-based metal organic frame;Bi@C;electrochemical sensor  

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Reviews

Advances in Chemical Safety Testing Technologies for Children’s Cosmetics Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

WANG Zi-lin, LÜ Yue-guang, SHANG Yu-han, LÜ Qing, ZHANG Qing, MENG Xian-shuang, GUO Guang-sheng

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2563-2573(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26042101

Abstract：Children have an immature skin barrier，making them more susceptible to exogenous chemicals. Therefore，the detection of hormones，antibiotics，anti-infective/antifungal agents，excessive preservatives，and other illegally added high-risk components in children’s cosmetics has become a major regulatory concern. Current analytical techniques targeting these high-risk and illegally added substances are advancing toward high-sensitivity，broad-spectrum screening，rapid analysis，and intelligent operation；however，further improvements are needed in adaptability to complex matrices，confirmatory analysis at low concentrations，and database refinement. This paper reviews recent progress in sample pretreatment，instrumental analysis，and data interpretation techniques for the screening chemical safety risk substances in children’s cosmetics. It covers sample preparation methods like ultrasound-assisted extraction，solid-phase extraction，magnetic solid-phase extraction，and microwave digestion. It also summarizes the applicable scenarios and trace analysis capabilities of instrumental techniques，including chromatography，mass spectrometry，spectroscopy，and sensory analysis. The innovative application of machine learning in intelligent data analysis is also discussed. This review aims to provide a reference for chemical safety risk identification，technical adaptation，and regulatory research on children’s cosmetics.  

Keywords：children’s cosmetics;chemical safety;detection technologies;sample pretreatment;instrumental analysis  

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Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors for the Detection of Cardiovascular Disease Biomarkers Cover Article Back Cover Article Enhanced Publication AI Introduction

PEI Jia-wei, LOU Yu-xin, LU Jing-yi, DONG Jin-wen, LI Yan-fei, MA Lin-lin

Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 2574-2584(2026) DOI: 10.12452/j.fxcsxb.26050704

Abstract：Rapid，sensitive，and portable analytical methods are urgently required for the early diagnosis and long-term management of cardiovascular diseases. Electrochemical biosensors，which offer high sensitivity，rapid response，and ease miniaturization，have become important analytical platforms for the detection of cardiovascular disease biomarkers. This review provides a comprehensive discussion centered on three key aspects：recognition element design，signal amplification mechanisms，and sensing system integration. At the recognition level，we summarize the engineering advantages and clinical translation bottlenecks of elements such as nanobodies，aptamers，and molecularly imprinted polymers. Regarding signal amplification mechanisms，we elucidate the synergistic effects of nanomaterial-enabled enrichment，catalysis，and electron transfer. In terms of system integration，we review the recent progress in portable and wearable electrochemical sensing platforms for dynamic monitoring. Finally，we critically analyze the core challenges limiting clinical translation and propose targeted strategies to address them，aiming to advance the transition of electrochemical sensors from laboratory research to precision clinical management of cardiovascular diseases.  

Keywords：electrochemical biosensors;cardiovascular disease;biomarkers;point-of-care testing  

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