In response to the time-consuming and labor-intensive preprocessing required by traditional analysis methods for glass fiber powder, this study established a solid direct-ablation microwave plasma torch–atomic emission spectrometry method, which enables the rapid quantitative analysis of multiple elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, and Fe) in glass fiber powder. For nine glass fiber powder samples with different compositions, the key experimental parameters, such as microwave power, distance between plasma and sample, and working gas flow rate, were systematically optimized. Through spectral time-series signal analysis, the ablation and excitation processes of different elements were studied. The quantitative performance of the original spectral data, the spectral correction model based on plasma physics, and the support vector regression model was compared. The results show that the optimized experimental parameters can significantly improve the excitation efficiency of difficult-to-melt elements such as Si and Al. The full-time window-integration strategy can smooth the non-steady-state process and weaken the influence of differences in the excitation processes of different elements, effectively reducing the relative standard deviation of measurement. The support vector regression model demonstrated superior quantitative performance, with the relative error of all target elements predicted within 8% and a relative standard deviation of measurement of less than 7%. This method exhibits simple sample preprocessing and fast analysis speed, achieves accurate and rapid detection of multiple elements in glass fiber powder, and provides a new technical path for the direct analysis of high-hardness, high-melting-point, and difficult-to-dissolve solid powders.
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