A new method was established for the authenticity identification of agarwood based on specific volatile components by solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(SPME/GC-MS).Odor components of agarwood were concentrated by SPME，and the chemical constitutions were detected by GC-MS.Relative contents of specific volatile components in odor components were determined by peak area normalization method.Authenticity identification was performed by comparing the species and relative contents in odor components of agarwood samples with specific volatile components of natural agarwood.The new method showed the advantages of low sample comsumption，simple operation，high sensitivity and accuracy，and was suitable for the determination of odor components and the authenticity identification of agarwood without damaging art collections.The new method was successfully applied in the authenticity identification of crude drugs and art collections of agarwood.