A method based on surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS) was established for the detection of sufentanil in water and urine in this paper.Meanwhile,a silver colloid substrate for SERS was prepared and characterized,and the Raman characteristic peaks of sufentanil were assigned by theoretical calculation and experimental comparison.The optimum experimental conditions were investigated,and the coagulant and its concentration were determined.SERS detection on sufentanil in water and artificial urine was performed,with the detection limits of 0.09 μg/mL and 1.55 μg/mL,respectively.There existed good linear relationships for the characteristic peak(1 004 cm-1) intensities of sufentanil in water and urine in a certain mass concentration range,with their correlation coefficient(r2) of 0.979 and 0.968,respectively.The recoveries for the analytes were in the ranges of 96.3%-107% and 95.8%-106%,with their relative standard deviations of 4.2%-4.7% and 3.3%-5.2%,respectively.The developed method is rapid,accurate,non-destructive and user friendly,and it lays a good foundation for the rapid detection of sufentanil in water and urine.