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Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors for the Detection of Cardiovascular Disease Biomarkers AI导读
摘要：Rapid，sensitive，and portable analytical methods are urgently required for the early diagnosis and long-term management of cardiovascular diseases. Electrochemical biosensors，which offer high sensitivity，rapid response，and ease miniaturization，have become important analytical platforms for the detection of cardiovascular disease biomarkers. This review provides a comprehensive discussion centered on three key aspects：recognition element design，signal amplification mechanisms，and sensing system integration. At the recognition level，we summarize the engineering advantages and clinical translation bottlenecks of elements such as nanobodies，aptamers，and molecularly imprinted polymers. Regarding signal amplification mechanisms，we elucidate the synergistic effects of nanomaterial-enabled enrichment，catalysis，and electron transfer. In terms of system integration，we review the recent progress in portable and wearable electrochemical sensing platforms for dynamic monitoring. Finally，we critically analyze the core challenges limiting clinical translation and propose targeted strategies to address them，aiming to advance the transition of electrochemical sensors from laboratory research to precision clinical management of cardiovascular diseases.关键词：electrochemical biosensors;cardiovascular disease;biomarkers;point-of-care testing40|24|0更新时间：2026-10-17 -
摘要：This study established an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantitation of neurotransmitters（NTs） in microdissected hippocampal，cortical，and hypothalamic tissues of mice. The results showed that dopamine，norepinephrine，5-hydroxytryptamine，γ-aminobutyric acid，acetylcholine，and glutamate exhibited excellent linearity within the concentration range of 0.1-10 μg/mL（r²≥0.995），with limits of detection and quantification being 5-50 ng/mL and 100-250 ng/mL，respectively. After 96 h of sleep deprivation，dopamine in the hypothalamus，γ-aminobutyric acid in the hippocampus，and acetylcholine in the cortex showed compensatory increases. By contrast，the remaining NTs in these three brain regions were generally downregulated，and the interregional correlation network was significantly disrupted. Treatment with the Shenhu Xihonghua formula significantly reversed these NT abnormalities，restoring them to near-normal levels. Principal component analysis and correlation analysis further demonstrated that the treatment shifted the sample profiles back toward those of the control group and restored the interregional correlation network. These findings suggest that the Shenhu Xihonghua formula regulates neurotransmitter levels in key brain regions through multiple targets，restores the excitation-inhibition balance，and combats central nervous system fatigue by nourishing the heart and calming the mind.关键词：UPLC-MS/MS;brain region specificity;neurotransmitters;sleep deprivation;Shenhu Xihonghua Formula44|40|0更新时间：2026-10-17 -
摘要：An analytical method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed to determine the concentrations of 13 monohydroxy lipid mediators—comprising seven hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids（HETEs） and six hydroxydocosahexaenoic acids（HDHAs）—in the heart，liver，spleen，lung，and kidney tissues of normal rats and rats with rheumatoid arthritis. The sample preparation method employed liquid-liquid extraction，with ethyl acetate containing butylated hydroxytoluene as the extraction solvent. The validation results showed that the limits of detection for the 13 monohydroxy lipid mediators ranged from 0.1 to 1.0 ng/mL，and the limits of quantification（LOQ） ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 ng/mL. Except for 4-HDHA，the linear range for the other analytes ranged from LOQ to 1 000 ng/mL，and the correlation coefficients（r） exceeded 0.99. Recoveries of the 13 analytes at three spiked levels ranged from 82.5% to 118%，with relative standard deviations that were lower than 7.5%. The intra- and inter-day precisions were lower than 5.0% and 6.0%，respectively. The sample solution was stable for 3 h at room temperature and for 72 h at 4 ℃. The proposed method is sensitive，accurate，and reproducible. The method was used to determine the levels of HETE and HDHA in various tissues of normal rats and rats with rheumatoid arthritis. The results showed significant differences in the distribution of monohydroxy lipid mediators in different organs of normal rats. Furthermore，most HETE and HDHA levels in the heart，liver，lung，and kidney tissues of rats with rheumatoid arthritis increased，indicating that rheumatoid arthritis can cause inflammatory metabolic changes in various rat organs.关键词：ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry;monohydroxy lipid mediator;rheumatoid arthritis;HETE;HDHA32|36|0更新时间：2026-10-17 -
摘要：Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles that mediate intercellular communication and play a pivotal role in physiological and pathological processes. Given the substantial heterogeneity across diverse exosome origins，conventional detection technologies yield characteristics reflecting the population averages，but fail to establish functional links between specific exosome subtypes and their biological roles，thereby constraining the precise analysis of individual particles. Existing analytical techniques enable independently detecting the physical morphology，membrane surface molecules，and cargo as single dimensions but suffer from poor accuracy and provide incomplete information. This review delineates the strategies for constructing fingerprints derived from single dimensions using mainstream analytical techniques such as flow cytometry，Raman spectroscopy，and mass spectrometry，in combination with two-dimensional and multidimensional separation methods. The objective of the study is to provide methodological insights for precise disease stratification and drug target discovery through a collaborative analysis of exosomes with various structures and molecular compositions.关键词：single particle;exosome;separation and analysis;fingerprint64|36|0更新时间：2026-10-17 -
Determination of 252 Drug Residues in Fish Meat via Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry AI导读
摘要：A method to efficiently screen 252 drug residues in fish using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with dispersive solid-phase extraction was established. The 252 drugs included 242 pesticides and 10 veterinary drugs. Fish samples were extracted with acetonitrile，salted out using anhydrous sodium sulfate，and purified with octadecylsilane bonded silica gel and primary secondary amines. Detection was performed in multiple-reaction monitoring mode and quantification was achieved using the matrix-matched standard calibration method. Good linear relationships were exhibited by the 252 drugs over their respective concentration ranges，with correlation coefficients（r2） of 0.99 or greater achieved. The limits of quantitation（LOQs） of alpha-endosulfan and malaoxon were 0.1 mg/kg，whereas the LOQs of the other 250 drugs were 0.002 5-0.05 mg/kg. The average recoveries for the 252 drugs at three spiked levels were 52.8%-113%，and the relative standard deviations were between 1.3% and 20%. When applied to the screening of 122 fish samples，the method detected 40 drug residues，including 36 pesticides，3 anesthetics，and diazepam. This simple，efficient，and highly sensitive method is suitable for the simultaneous screening of multi-class pesticide and veterinary drug residues in fish.关键词：gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry;dispersive solid-phase extraction;fish;drug residue;anesthetic;diazepam55|15|0更新时间：2026-10-16 -
摘要：Novel psychoactive substances（NPSs），a class of emerging drugs，are characterized by their diverse types，rapid structural updates，and strong concealment，thus threatening the security of global public health. Mass spectrometry has become a core technique for analyzing NPSs in complex matrices，owing to its superior sensitivity，selectivity，and structural resolution capabilities. This paper analyzes the relevant research trends from the past decade using bibliometric methods，reviews sample-pretreatment methods for complex biological matrices，and focuses on the most recent applications of mainstream mass spectrometry techniques in targeted quantification，nontargeted screening，isomer differentiation，and confirmation of novel NPS structures. It also examines the latest breakthroughs in artificial-intelligence-assisted mining of mass spectrometry data，virtual spectral prediction，de novo structure analysis，and interpretable reasoning to address the challenge of identifying unknown NPSs in the absence of standards. The deep integration of mass spectrometry and intelligent algorithms is transforming NPS analysis from a passive response to an intelligent，proactive early warning approach. Moreover，the synergistic development of hardware and software technologies will enable more comprehensive technical support for preventing and controlling NPSs.关键词：novel psychoactive substances;mass spectrometry;targeted quantification;nontargeted screening;artificial intelligence57|20|0更新时间：2026-10-16 -
摘要：Headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（HS-GC-MS） combined with chemometric methods was used to conduct non-targeted analysis of volatile components in virgin，accelerated-aged，and recycled polypropylene（PP） samples related to cosmetic packaging. Following deconvolution with MS-DIAL and library matching against the NIST 20 mass spectral database，a total of 96 volatile compounds were tentatively identified，consisting mainly of alkanes，aldehydes，acids，esters，aromatic hydrocarbons，phenols，and siloxanes. PCA and OPLS-DA models established based on all volatile substances reflected，to a certain extent，the overall differences among samples，and permutation tests indicated no obvious overfitting in the models. Furthermore，by combining variable importance in projection values with nonparametric tests，nine differential volatile markers were selected. Models constructed based on these markers showed a relatively clearer classification trend，suggesting that they may provide a reference for the preliminary discrimination of PP-related samples from different sources，and offer a basis for subsequent studies on source identification as well as quality and safety evaluation.关键词：cosmetics;polypropylene packaging materials;volatile components;headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry;source discrimination34|22|0更新时间：2026-10-16 -
摘要：In laboratories，the routine preparation of microbial samples for scanning electron microscopy（SEM） is often hampered by a lack of fixation reagents and critical point drying equipment. To address these challenges，potassium permanganate（KMnO4） was selected for the fixation of microbial cells. This study focused on improving and analyzing SEM preparation methods，particularly the critical steps of fixation and drying，to establish a safe，economical，and equipment-independent universal protocol for preparing microbial samples for SEM. Cells of Escherichia coli，Bacillus subtilis，and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were subjected to glutaraldehyde single fixation（GA fixation），glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide（OsO4） double fixation（GA-OT fixation），and glutaraldehyde-KMnO4 double fixation（GA-PP fixation）. These fixation techniques were combined with various drying methods，including freeze-drying，air drying，low-temperature drying，gentle heat drying，and critical point drying. After drying，SEM imaging was performed to compare the effects of these treatments on the bacterial morphology and cell integrity. GA-OT and GA-PP fixation significantly outperformed GA fixation in preserving the bacterial morphology，and freeze-drying and critical point drying were also effective in preserving the original bacterial morphology. The GA-PP fixation-freeze-drying protocol effectively preserved the morphological structures of three types of organisms（Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria，and unicellular eukaryotic fungi） and meets the requirements for SEM imaging. It offers advantages such as cost-effectiveness，convenience，versatility，and safety，making it highly valuable for widespread adoption. This method is a viable alternative to the routine laboratory preparation of microbial samples for SEM.关键词：microorganisms;SEM sample preparation;glutaraldehyde-KMnO4 double fixation;drying method50|12|0更新时间：2026-10-16 -
摘要：The complex matrices in grinding powder used in aluminum electrolysis，shortage of standard samples，and difficulty of balancing efficiency and accuracy with existing testing methods hinder effective quality control. This study used actual production-grade grinding feedstock as raw material to develop matrix-matched quality control samples. A rapid analytical method was established for determining the amounts of Fe，Si，Na，K，Ca，and Mg in the grinding powder using pressed powder pellet X-ray fluorescence spectrometry（XRF）. The calculated F values for the quality control samples were verified using homogeneity testing，calibration analysis，and interlaboratory comparison. They were lower than the critical F value（F0.05（3，4）=6.59），indicating good homogeneity. The interlaboratory comparison results were within the permissible tolerance range，and the calibration results were accurate and reliable. The relative standard deviations for each element determined via the established XRF method were ≤2%，were consistent with the results obtained by chemical analysis（r>0.95），and indicated precision and accuracy in the measurements. This method is simple，efficient，and environmentally friendly. It is suitable for daily quality control and stably producing high-quality aluminum products，while offering technical support for rapidly testing the raw and auxiliary materials used in aluminum electrolysis.关键词：aluminum electrolysis;grinding powder;quality control sample;X-ray fluorescence spectrometry（XRF）;chemical analysis methods37|10|0更新时间：2026-10-16 -
Application of an NR@ZIF-8-Based Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe in Bioimaging of Trichloroacetic Acid AI导读
摘要：A novel biocompatible fluorescent probe，NR@ZIF-8，was constructed by incorporating neutral red（NR） into the metal-organic framework ZIF-8 for the rapid detection of trichloroacetic acid（TCA） in cells and in vivo. NR@ZIF-8 exhibited a good linear response to TCA over the concentration range of 0-200 μmol/L，with a limit of detection（LOD） of 1.76 μmol/L. The sensing mechanism is based on the high concentration of H+ provided by TCA，which disrupts the coordination bonds between Zn2+ and the imidazolate ligands in ZIF-8，thereby triggering the release of the encapsulated NR molecules. The released NR subsequently reacts with TCA，resulting in a red shift of the fluorescence emission wavelength and a distinct ratiometric fluorescence response，accompanied by a visible color change from yellow to red. These results indicate that NR@ZIF-8 has potential for the rapid detection of TCA in vivo.关键词：NR@ZIF-8;trichloroacetic acid（TCA）;ratio fluorescence;biosensor42|19|0更新时间：2026-10-16 -
摘要：Surface-enhanced Raman scattering（SERS） tags offer significant advantages，including strong signal output，high sensitivity，and excellent specificity，making them powerful tools in fields such as biology，food safety，and environmental analysis. However，conventional SERS tags have critical limitations，including signal instability caused by the detachment of Raman reporter molecules and severe background interference in complex matrices，resulting in a low signal-to-background ratio（SBR）. To address these challenges，we propose a novel SERS tag based on ultrathin triple-bond polymer-coated plasmonic nanomaterials，in which the triple-bond polymer serves as both a unique signal source and protective layer. Specifically，functional monomers containing both triple bonds（cyano groups，—C≡N） and vinyl double bonds（C=C） were first anchored onto the surface of gold/silver alloy nanoparticles. By systematically optimizing the monomer dosage and polymerization time，an ultrathin triple-bond polymer layer with a thickness of less than 5 nm was precisely constructed to coat the plasmonic nanomaterials. The triple-bond groups generate intense characteristic Raman peaks in the biological Raman-silent region（1 800-2 800 cm⁻¹），effectively circumventing background interference from biological samples in the fingerprint region（500-1 800 cm⁻¹）. Meanwhile，the ultrathin polymer layer not only preserves the electromagnetic field enhancement effect of the surface“hot spots”on the plasmonic nanoparticles，enabling an ultra-strong signal output，but also retains the near-field enhancement capability. This strategy provides a promising approach for developing next-generation high signal-to-background ratio SERS tags with broad application potential for early disease diagnosis，intracellular molecular imaging，and point-of-care testing.关键词：surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy;ultrathin polymer;plasmonic nanoparticles;bioanalysis29|11|0更新时间：2026-10-15 -
摘要：The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was established to quantitatively determine 13 cooling agents in tobacco products by investigating several parameters，including the chromatographic column，oven-programmed temperature，and cigarette-extraction method. Moreover，the ratio of mainstream smoke to cigarette for cooling agents was tested. The samples（cut cigarettes and glass fiber filters containing cigarette mainstream smoke particulate matter） were extracted with 50 mL of methanol for 40 min by shaking. Separation was performed on an HP-INNOWAX column（30 m × 0.25 mm i.d.，film thickness 0.25 μm），and quantitative determination was performed in selective ion-monitoring mode using the internal standard method. The results show that 13 cooling agents can be satisfactorily separated within 14 min，and the limits of detection and limits of quantitation ranged from 0.004-0.127 μg/mL and 0.013-0.425 μg/mL，respectively. Piperitone and N-［（ethoxycarbonyl）methyl）-p-menthane-3-carboxamide showed good linearity within the range of 0.90-90 μg/mL，and the remaining 11 target analytes had good linearity within the range of 0.1-20 μg/mL，with correlation coefficients（r2） of 0.993 9-0.999 9. The recoveries of 13 cooling agents were in the range of 90.4%-116% at different spiked levels for real samples，with intra-day（n=5） and inter-day（n=3） relative standard deviations lower than 6.6% and 7.3%，respectively. The developed method was applied to determine six representative cigarettes，and eight cooling agents were detected in real samples. The ratio of mainstream smoke to cigarette for cooling agents was 1.01%-18.14%. With the advantages of several targeted analytes，simple operation，high sensitivity，and high accuracy，the proposed method is suitable for the analysis of cooling agents in tobacco products of different brands. This method can provide technical support for product design and development，blend maintenance，and quality evaluation.关键词：gas chromatography-mass spectrometry;cooling agents;cigarette;ratio of mainstream smoke to cigarette53|27|0更新时间：2026-10-15 -
摘要：Serum samples from patients with pneumonia and healthy controls were subjected to centrifugation，lyophilization，and reconstitution，followed by filtration of the supernatants. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry（UHPLC-HRMS），combined with the automatic untargeted data analysis strategy AntDAS developed by the research team，was adopted for compound information extraction，alignment，screening of differential components，and compound identification. A total of 35 differential metabolites belonging to eight categories，including amino acids and their derivatives，lipids，cholines，carnitines，indoles，sphingosines，bile acids，and purines，were screened and identified. Based on these differential metabolites，four classical chemometric-based diagnostic discrimination models were evaluated：Fisher discriminant analysis（Fisher），k-means clustering（K-means），partial least squares discriminant analysis（PLS-DA），and support vector machine（SVM）. Among these models，PLS-DA demonstrated satisfactory goodness-of-fit and predictive capability，accurately discriminating patients with pneumonia from healthy control group，with a model accuracy of 94.08%. These findings provide a potential new strategy for the precise diagnosis of pneumonia.关键词：pneumonia;serum;ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry;AntDAS-DDA software;chemometrics;metabolomics36|12|0更新时间：2026-10-15 -
摘要：High-purity triphenylantimony is a dual-use，export-controlled substance and a key，highly efficient catalyst in polyester production，with purity and trace metal impurity content serving as the core indicators for regulation and quality control. An analytical method was established for the qualitative confirmation of triphenylantimony and the quantitative determination of nine impurity elements therein using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance（NMR） combined with direct determination using direct current glow discharge mass spectrometry（dc-GD-MS）. The sample preparation and instrumental operating parameters，including the discharge current，voltage，argon flow rate，and pre-sputtering time，were systematically optimized. The optimized conditions were a sample diameter of 4-5 mm，discharge current of 1.8 mA，discharge voltage of 850 V，and pre-sputtering time of 10 min. At a medium mass resolution of 4 000，the isotopes 23Na，24Mg，27Al，44Ca，56Fe，75As，119Sn，208Pb，and 209Bi were selected for quantification. The Sb matrix was used for normalization in combination with relative sensitivity factors. The detection limits of the nine elements ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 μg/g. The relative standard deviations（RSDs） of seven parallel determinations were not greater than 5.7%，indicating high precision. Compared with the results obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS），the relative deviation was < 3%，demonstrating the accuracy and reliability of the method. This method employs direct solid sampling without requiring complex pretreatment，effectively avoiding sample hydrolysis and contamination. The technique offers high sensitivity，rapid analysis，and simultaneous determination of multiple elements，thus meeting the precise detection requirements for trace impurities in food-grade polyesters. These results provide reliable technical support for monitoring the purity of dual-use，high-purity organic antimony.关键词：triphenylantimony;nuclear magnetic resonance;glow discharge mass spectrometry;impurity elements32|13|0更新时间：2026-10-15 -
摘要：In this study，a portable modularized solution cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectrometer（SCGD-AES） was developed using a metal rod and an electrolyte sample solution as the anode and cathode，respectively. The effects of discharge voltage，sample flow velocity，anode material，and supporting electrolyte on signal intensity were investigated experimentally. Under optimized conditions，the detection limits for Na，K，Mg，and Ca were 2.3，6.7，18.0，and 290 μg·L-1，respectively，with 2-hour relative standard deviations of 1.9%，2.6%，1.6%，and 2.6%，respectively. A simple，rapid，stable，and cost-effective SCGD-AES method requiring less than 40 W of power was developed for determining Na，K，Mg，and Ca in soil samples. Excluding Ca，the recoveries of Na，K，and Mg were in the range of 83.1%-101%，82.5%-102%，and 116%-134%，respectively. Moreover，the SCGD-AES results for the soil samples aligned well with those obtained via ICP-AES. After further optimization，the developed portable SCGD-AES device can be deployed for the on-site，online detection of metal elements in environmental samples.关键词：solution cathode glow discharge（SCGD）;atomic emission spectrometer（AES）;soil samples;elemental analysis39|12|0更新时间：2026-10-15 -
摘要：Perfluorooctanoic acid （PFOA） is environmentally persistent， bioaccumulative， and potentially toxic， and poses a severe threat to ecosystems and human health. A novel core-shell nanomaterial， gold nanoparticle-dopamine-N-aminoethyl piperazine propane sulfonate （Au@DA-AEPPS）， was constructed for the sensitive detection of PFOA based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Using AuNPs as the core， a core-shell structured nanomaterial with abundant amino functional groups was successfully synthesized through the self-polymerization of DA and a cross-linking reaction with AEPPS. The successful construction of the core-shell structure was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Indirect detection of PFOA was achieved based on the ion-pairing effect and electrostatic interactions between PFOA and MB using methylene blue as a Raman signal molecule. The method showed good linear relationship in the PFOA concentration range of 1.0×10–4–1.0×10–9 mol·L–1 with a detection limit of 1.2×10–10 mol·L–1 under optimized conditions. Selectivity experiments revealed that the sensor exhibited good anti-interference ability against common metal ions and surfactants. The recovery rates of the actual samples were 82.1%–91.6% with relative standard deviations of <3.5%. This study provides a novel strategy for the rapid detection of PFOA in the environment.关键词：surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy;perfluorooctanoic acid;core-shell nanomaterials;polydopamine;methylene blue12|10|0更新时间：2026-10-14 -
摘要：Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a class of green and tailorable solvents formed through non-covalent interactions between hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) and hydrogen bond donors (HBDs), have attracted considerable attention in analytical sample pretreatment owing to their excellent extraction and enrichment capabilities. However, the intermolecular interaction mechanisms governing their separation behavior remain insufficiently understood. From the perspective of the molecular structure-intermolecular interaction-performance relationship, this review focuses on the physicochemical properties of DES and elucidates the mechanisms by which multiple hydrogen-bonding interactions, aromatic-structure-induced π–π stacking, and hydrophobic interactions regulate mass transfer processes. The recent applications of DES in solid-liquid extraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction, and liquid chromatography are systematically reviewed. Furthermore, current challenges, including stability in aqueous matrices, high viscosity, and large-scale application, are discussed. This review aims to provide theoretical insights and technical guidance for the development of novel green solvent systems and efficient analytical sample pretreatment strategies.关键词：deep eutectic solvents (DES);intermolecular interaction mechanisms;sample pretreatment;green analytical chemistry9|1|0更新时间：2026-10-14 -
摘要：This study designed and synthesized a novel patulin derivative hapten based on rapid derivatization reactions, synthesized an artificial antigen using the active ester method, and obtained high-sensitivity, high-specificity monoclonal antibodies through animal immunization and hybridoma technology. The IC50 value of this antibody was 0.383 ng/mL, showing no cross-reactivity with patulin structural analogs or common fungal toxins. A colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip was developed based on this antibody, establishing a rapid detection method for patulin in fruit and vegetable juices. The detection limit of this method was 50 μg/kg. At this spiked level, the positive detection rates for apple juice and fruit wine were 96% and 98%, respectively, with specific recognition of patulin. Twenty commercially available fruit and vegetable juice beverages were simultaneously detected using this method and LC-MS/MS, with identical results from both methods. The test strip features simple operation, high sensitivity, and strong specificity, making it suitable for on-site rapid screening of patulin in fruit and vegetable juices.关键词：patulin;rapid derivatizati;monoclonal antibody;colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay9|0|0更新时间：2026-10-14 -
摘要：Two types of carbon dot （CD）-based composite fluorescent powders， R-CD@Al₂O₃ and R-CD@SiO₂， were synthesized using natural Epipremnum aureum leaves as the carbon source， and their application in latent fingerprint development was investigated. Employing Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ as the matrix not only effectively suppressed the aggregation-caused quenching in CDs but also fully preserved their excellent fluorescence properties. Consequently， both powders demonstrated high sensitivity， good stability， and broad applicability in latent fingerprint development. The as-prepared composite powders exhibited excellent dispersibility and uniform particle sizes ranging from 2 to 6 μm. Under 365 nm ultraviolet light excitation， they emitted bright red fluorescence， thus enabling the clear visualization of Level 1 and Level 2 ridge details on nonporous and semi-porous substrates. Furthermore， they demonstrated outstanding anti-interference capabilities against various colored backgrounds—including black， white， blue， and green—except for red backgrounds and substrates with intrinsic fluorescence. The mechanistic analysis indicated that physical adsorption between the powders and fingerprint residues macroscopically overcame the inherent disparities in the surface chemical properties of substrates， thus resulting in equivalent development for both powders. This study provides valuable insights into the application of biomass-derived CD composites for latent fingerprint development and the optimization of visualization techniques for challenging substrates.关键词：biomass-derived carbon dots;composite fluorescent powder;latent fingerprint development;anti-aggregation-caused quenching12|10|0更新时间：2026-10-14 -
摘要：Lithium pollution is widely distributed across environmental media， and its sources are difficult to trace. Therefore， conventional total-concentration analysis can no longer fully meet the needs of pollution identification and risk assessment. This paper focuses on the analytical methods and effects of lithium in environmental and biological systems. It systematically reviews the application of pretreatment techniques and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the high-precision quantitative analysis of trace lithium in complex matrices； analyzes the roles of in situ imaging， single-particle analysis， and lithium isotope techniques in particulate material identification， migration process elucidation， and pollution source tracing； and discusses the ecotoxicity， food-chain transfer， and human health risks of lithium. Future studies should strengthen standardized lithium monitoring， process tracing， lithium isotope database construction， and integrated risk assessment to support lithium pollution control and the green development of the lithium-ion battery industry.关键词：lithium;analytical technology;lithium isotopes;environmental effects;health risks15|10|0更新时间：2026-10-14
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